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The Magna Carta. The Great Charter of English liberties, first issued by King John at Runnymede on 15 June 1215. This document is one of the four surviving exemplifications

The Magna Carta. The Great Charter of English liberties, first issued by King John at Runnymede on 15 June 1215. This document is one of the four surviving exemplifications

BL3296357

Letter of Sir Edward Dering sending Magna Carta to Sir Robert Cotton (Dover Castle, 10 May 1630.)
Very few people can claim to have been sent a copy of Magna Carta, but that is exactly what happened to Sir Robert Cotton on 10 May 1630, when he received this note from his 'affectionate freind and servant' Sir Edward Dering (d. 1644), the lieutenant of Dover Castle. He wrote:
I have sent up two of your books, which have
much pleasured me: I have here the charter
of K. John dated att Running Meade: by the
first safe and sure messenger it is your's. So
are the Saxon charters, as fast as I can coppy
them: but in the meane time I will close
K. John in a boxe and send him.
Dering shared Sir Robert Cotton's antiquarian interests, and clearly regarded the Cotton library as a suitable home for Magna Carta. Edward Dering's copy can be identified as the nowdamaged Cotton Charter XIII 31A, part of the British Library's collections. — Letter of Sir Edward Dering sending Magna Carta to Sir Robert Cotton (Dover Castle, 10 May 1630.) Very few people can claim to have been sent a copy of Magna Carta, but that is exactly what happened to Sir Robert Cotton on 10 May 1630, when he received this note from his 'affectionate freind and servant' Sir Edward Dering (d. 1644), the lieutenant of Dover Castle. He wrote: I have sent up two of your books, which have much pleasured me: I have here the charter of K. John dated att Running Meade: by the first safe and sure messenger it is your's. So are the Saxon charters, as fast as I can coppy them: but in the meane time I will close K. John in a boxe and send him. Dering shared Sir Robert Cotton's antiquarian interests, and clearly regarded the Cotton library as a suitable home for Magna Carta. Edward Dering's copy can be identified as the nowdamaged Cotton Charter XIII 31A, part of the British Library's collections.

Letter of Sir Edward Dering sending Magna Carta to Sir Robert Cotton (Dover Castle, 10 May 1630.) Very few people can claim to have been sent a copy of Magna Carta, but that is exactly what happened to Sir Robert Cotton on 10 May 1630, when he received this note from his 'affectionate freind and servant' Sir Edward Dering (d. 1644), the lieutenant of Dover Castle. He wrote: I have sent up two of your books, which have much pleasured me: I have here the charter of K. John dated att Running Meade: by the first safe and sure messenger it is your's. So are the Saxon charters, as fast as I can coppy them: but in the meane time I will close K. John in a boxe and send him. Dering shared Sir Robert Cotton's antiquarian interests, and clearly regarded the Cotton library as a suitable home for Magna Carta. Edward Dering's copy can be identified as the nowdamaged Cotton Charter XIII 31A, part of the British Library's collections.

BL3261242

Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Born out of World War II, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights represents the first global codification of rights to which all human
beings are inherently entitled. The framers of the Declaration drew on previous models of rights and a few of its articles look back as far
as Magna Carta; for example, Article 9 of the Declaration, relating to freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention and exile, echoes the essence
of clause 39 in the 1215 Magna Carta. Following the adoption of the Declaration by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948,
the influence of Magna Carta was acknowledged by Eleanor Roosevelt, Chairman of the United Nations Committee on Human Rights.
She declared in a speech to the Assembly that, 'this Universal Declaration of Human Rights may well become the international Magna Carta
of all men everywhere'. — Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Born out of World War II, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights represents the first global codification of rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled. The framers of the Declaration drew on previous models of rights and a few of its articles look back as far as Magna Carta; for example, Article 9 of the Declaration, relating to freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention and exile, echoes the essence of clause 39 in the 1215 Magna Carta. Following the adoption of the Declaration by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948, the influence of Magna Carta was acknowledged by Eleanor Roosevelt, Chairman of the United Nations Committee on Human Rights. She declared in a speech to the Assembly that, 'this Universal Declaration of Human Rights may well become the international Magna Carta of all men everywhere'.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Born out of World War II, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights represents the first global codification of rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled. The framers of the Declaration drew on previous models of rights and a few of its articles look back as far as Magna Carta; for example, Article 9 of the Declaration, relating to freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention and exile, echoes the essence of clause 39 in the 1215 Magna Carta. Following the adoption of the Declaration by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948, the influence of Magna Carta was acknowledged by Eleanor Roosevelt, Chairman of the United Nations Committee on Human Rights. She declared in a speech to the Assembly that, 'this Universal Declaration of Human Rights may well become the international Magna Carta of all men everywhere'.

BL3261244

Magna Carta, burnt copy with seal attached, perhaps that dispatched to Canterbury (15th June 1215)

Magna Carta, burnt copy with seal attached, perhaps that dispatched to Canterbury (15th June 1215)

BL3296364

Engraved view of the House of Commons in session, 12th February 1623

Engraved view of the House of Commons in session, 12th February 1623

BL3286742

Although Magna Carta was often invoked in an unsophisticated and anachronistic manner, it became a prominent symbol of liberty for early
nineteenth-century radicals. They saw Magna Carta as the basis of an ancient constitution that was under threat from an increasingly powerful and unaccountable executive. That position was demonstrated clearly in this book, published in support of Queen Caroline (d. 1821), which suggested that to defend the Queen was to defend the ancient
rights established by Magna Carta. The book went through at least five editions in 1820, and was 'Dedicated to the Ladies of Great Britain'.
In this illustration, 'Magna Charta' is depicted alongside the 'Laws of England' as part of a banner of 'Freedom': as the accompanying poem states, 'Destroy Magna Charta, and then in its place / Allow us like slaves, To exist in disgrace'. — Although Magna Carta was often invoked in an unsophisticated and anachronistic manner, it became a prominent symbol of liberty for early nineteenth-century radicals. They saw Magna Carta as the basis of an ancient constitution that was under threat from an increasingly powerful and unaccountable executive. That position was demonstrated clearly in this book, published in support of Queen Caroline (d. 1821), which suggested that to defend the Queen was to defend the ancient rights established by Magna Carta. The book went through at least five editions in 1820, and was 'Dedicated to the Ladies of Great Britain'. In this illustration, 'Magna Charta' is depicted alongside the 'Laws of England' as part of a banner of 'Freedom': as the accompanying poem states, 'Destroy Magna Charta, and then in its place / Allow us like slaves, To exist in disgrace'.

Although Magna Carta was often invoked in an unsophisticated and anachronistic manner, it became a prominent symbol of liberty for early nineteenth-century radicals. They saw Magna Carta as the basis of an ancient constitution that was under threat from an increasingly powerful and unaccountable executive. That position was demonstrated clearly in this book, published in support of Queen Caroline (d. 1821), which suggested that to defend the Queen was to defend the ancient rights established by Magna Carta. The book went through at least five editions in 1820, and was 'Dedicated to the Ladies of Great Britain'. In this illustration, 'Magna Charta' is depicted alongside the 'Laws of England' as part of a banner of 'Freedom': as the accompanying poem states, 'Destroy Magna Charta, and then in its place / Allow us like slaves, To exist in disgrace'.

BL3261222

Although Magna Carta was often invoked in an unsophisticated and anachronistic manner, it became a prominent symbol of liberty for early
nineteenth-century radicals. They saw Magna Carta as the basis of an ancient constitution that was under threat from an increasingly powerful and unaccountable executive. That position was demonstrated clearly in this book, published in support of Queen Caroline (d. 1821), which suggested that to defend the Queen was to defend the ancient
rights established by Magna Carta. The book went through at least five editions in 1820, and was 'Dedicated to the Ladies of Great Britain'.
In this illustration, 'Magna Charta' is depicted alongside the 'Laws of England' as part of a banner of 'Freedom': as the accompanying poem states, 'Destroy Magna Charta, and then in its place / Allow us like slaves, To exist in disgrace'. — Although Magna Carta was often invoked in an unsophisticated and anachronistic manner, it became a prominent symbol of liberty for early nineteenth-century radicals. They saw Magna Carta as the basis of an ancient constitution that was under threat from an increasingly powerful and unaccountable executive. That position was demonstrated clearly in this book, published in support of Queen Caroline (d. 1821), which suggested that to defend the Queen was to defend the ancient rights established by Magna Carta. The book went through at least five editions in 1820, and was 'Dedicated to the Ladies of Great Britain'. In this illustration, 'Magna Charta' is depicted alongside the 'Laws of England' as part of a banner of 'Freedom': as the accompanying poem states, 'Destroy Magna Charta, and then in its place / Allow us like slaves, To exist in disgrace'.

Although Magna Carta was often invoked in an unsophisticated and anachronistic manner, it became a prominent symbol of liberty for early nineteenth-century radicals. They saw Magna Carta as the basis of an ancient constitution that was under threat from an increasingly powerful and unaccountable executive. That position was demonstrated clearly in this book, published in support of Queen Caroline (d. 1821), which suggested that to defend the Queen was to defend the ancient rights established by Magna Carta. The book went through at least five editions in 1820, and was 'Dedicated to the Ladies of Great Britain'. In this illustration, 'Magna Charta' is depicted alongside the 'Laws of England' as part of a banner of 'Freedom': as the accompanying poem states, 'Destroy Magna Charta, and then in its place / Allow us like slaves, To exist in disgrace'.

BL3261228

The House of Commons. This is the earliest representation of the House of Commons sitting in the former St. Stephen's Chapel in the Palace of Westminster. Originally published as a print in 1624, it is unlikely to be accurate in all its details, but it gives a reasonable impression of the tall, narrow and cramped chamber in which the House met, and in which the debates leading to the Petition of Right took place. It seems to show an offender kneeling at the bar to receive the censure of the House from the Speaker, who presides in his chair. The clerks write in their draft journals at a table in front of the Speaker. However, the print in question probably does not refer to any specific incident. This copy was kept by Sir Simonds d'Ewes (d. 1650), an antiquary and Member of Parliament during the English Civil Wars

The House of Commons. This is the earliest representation of the House of Commons sitting in the former St. Stephen's Chapel in the Palace of Westminster. Originally published as a print in 1624, it is unlikely to be accurate in all its details, but it gives a reasonable impression of the tall, narrow and cramped chamber in which the House met, and in which the debates leading to the Petition of Right took place. It seems to show an offender kneeling at the bar to receive the censure of the House from the Speaker, who presides in his chair. The clerks write in their draft journals at a table in front of the Speaker. However, the print in question probably does not refer to any specific incident. This copy was kept by Sir Simonds d'Ewes (d. 1650), an antiquary and Member of Parliament during the English Civil Wars

BL3296266

Since 1893, Indian settlers in South Africa had pursued a programme of civil disobedience, or 'passive resistance', in opposition to the racist
measures imposed by the governments of South Africa. Led by the practising lawyer, Mohandas Gandhi (d. 1948), the protesters secured the Indian Relief Act in 1914, which Gandhi hailed in this 'farewell letter' as 'the Magna Charta of our liberty in this land'. Written just before his departure for India, the letter was published in the South African newspaper, Indian Opinion,
founded by Gandhi in 1903. For Gandhi, the settlement was 'our Magna Charta because it marks a change in the policy of the Government
towards us "¦ it moreover confirms the theory of the British Constitution that there should be no legal racial inequality between different subjects of the Crown "¦ it has vindicated Passive Resistance as a lawful clean weapon'. — Since 1893, Indian settlers in South Africa had pursued a programme of civil disobedience, or 'passive resistance', in opposition to the racist measures imposed by the governments of South Africa. Led by the practising lawyer, Mohandas Gandhi (d. 1948), the protesters secured the Indian Relief Act in 1914, which Gandhi hailed in this 'farewell letter' as 'the Magna Charta of our liberty in this land'. Written just before his departure for India, the letter was published in the South African newspaper, Indian Opinion, founded by Gandhi in 1903. For Gandhi, the settlement was 'our Magna Charta because it marks a change in the policy of the Government towards us "¦ it moreover confirms the theory of the British Constitution that there should be no legal racial inequality between different subjects of the Crown "¦ it has vindicated Passive Resistance as a lawful clean weapon'.

Since 1893, Indian settlers in South Africa had pursued a programme of civil disobedience, or 'passive resistance', in opposition to the racist measures imposed by the governments of South Africa. Led by the practising lawyer, Mohandas Gandhi (d. 1948), the protesters secured the Indian Relief Act in 1914, which Gandhi hailed in this 'farewell letter' as 'the Magna Charta of our liberty in this land'. Written just before his departure for India, the letter was published in the South African newspaper, Indian Opinion, founded by Gandhi in 1903. For Gandhi, the settlement was 'our Magna Charta because it marks a change in the policy of the Government towards us "¦ it moreover confirms the theory of the British Constitution that there should be no legal racial inequality between different subjects of the Crown "¦ it has vindicated Passive Resistance as a lawful clean weapon'.

BL3261239

Proclamation by the Queen to the People of India.
In the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion (1857-58), the British Parliament passed the Government of India Act, transferring the rights and administrative authority of the East India Company to the British Crown. These governmental changes were announced to the 'Princes, Chiefs and People of India' in the form of this proclamation issued by Queen Victoria
(r. 1837-1901). Seeking to maintain peace after the Rebellion, the whole tenor of the Proclamation was one of generosity and benevolence. It
granted 'the Natives of Our Indian Territories' the same rights as 'all Our other Subjects' and, among other things, promised to support
religious toleration, to recognise the 'Customs of India', to end racial discrimination and to ensure that 'all shall alike enjoy the equal impartial
protection of the Law'. By recognising Indians as British subjects, and extending to them rights consistent with that status, the Proclamation
was widely heralded by Indian subjects, including Mohandas Gandhi (d. 1948), as their Magna Carta. — Proclamation by the Queen to the People of India. In the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion (1857-58), the British Parliament passed the Government of India Act, transferring the rights and administrative authority of the East India Company to the British Crown. These governmental changes were announced to the 'Princes, Chiefs and People of India' in the form of this proclamation issued by Queen Victoria (r. 1837-1901). Seeking to maintain peace after the Rebellion, the whole tenor of the Proclamation was one of generosity and benevolence. It granted 'the Natives of Our Indian Territories' the same rights as 'all Our other Subjects' and, among other things, promised to support religious toleration, to recognise the 'Customs of India', to end racial discrimination and to ensure that 'all shall alike enjoy the equal impartial protection of the Law'. By recognising Indians as British subjects, and extending to them rights consistent with that status, the Proclamation was widely heralded by

Proclamation by the Queen to the People of India. In the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion (1857-58), the British Parliament passed the Government of India Act, transferring the rights and administrative authority of the East India Company to the British Crown. These governmental changes were announced to the 'Princes, Chiefs and People of India' in the form of this proclamation issued by Queen Victoria (r. 1837-1901). Seeking to maintain peace after the Rebellion, the whole tenor of the Proclamation was one of generosity and benevolence. It granted 'the Natives of Our Indian Territories' the same rights as 'all Our other Subjects' and, among other things, promised to support religious toleration, to recognise the 'Customs of India', to end racial discrimination and to ensure that 'all shall alike enjoy the equal impartial protection of the Law'. By recognising Indians as British subjects, and extending to them rights consistent with that status, the Proclamation was widely heralded by

BL3261235

A charter of King John, confirming to Robert de Braybroc and his heirs several grants of land from various persons in the counties of Northampton, Bedford, Buckingham and Leicester

A charter of King John, confirming to Robert de Braybroc and his heirs several grants of land from various persons in the counties of Northampton, Bedford, Buckingham and Leicester

BL3296267

A letter from Sir Edward Dering to Sir Robert Cotton, 10th May 1630

A letter from Sir Edward Dering to Sir Robert Cotton, 10th May 1630

BL3296277

The Great Charter of 1832.
After decades of popular agitation for reform, Parliament finally bowed to pressure in 1832 and passed the Representation of the People Act,
commonly known as the Great Reform Act. The Act granted a limited extension of the franchise, based largely on a broadening of the property
qualification in the counties and the creation of a uniform franchise in the boroughs. It also redistributed electoral constituencies, increasing
representation for the rapidly growing industrial towns, to begin to reflect the major population changes of the period. The Great Reform Act was presented as a new Magna Carta in popular prints and in other mass-produced items, including cordial bottles and figurines. Published soon after the Act was passed, this book, entitled The Great Charter of 1832, presents it as another Magna Carta. In the introduction, the anonymous author traces the history of constitutional reform, claiming that Magna Carta was a milestone in the advance towards fairer parliamentary representation. — The Great Charter of 1832. After decades of popular agitation for reform, Parliament finally bowed to pressure in 1832 and passed the Representation of the People Act, commonly known as the Great Reform Act. The Act granted a limited extension of the franchise, based largely on a broadening of the property qualification in the counties and the creation of a uniform franchise in the boroughs. It also redistributed electoral constituencies, increasing representation for the rapidly growing industrial towns, to begin to reflect the major population changes of the period. The Great Reform Act was presented as a new Magna Carta in popular prints and in other mass-produced items, including cordial bottles and figurines. Published soon after the Act was passed, this book, entitled The Great Charter of 1832, presents it as another Magna Carta. In the introduction, the anonymous author traces the history of constitutional reform, claiming that Magna Carta was a milestone in the advance towards

The Great Charter of 1832. After decades of popular agitation for reform, Parliament finally bowed to pressure in 1832 and passed the Representation of the People Act, commonly known as the Great Reform Act. The Act granted a limited extension of the franchise, based largely on a broadening of the property qualification in the counties and the creation of a uniform franchise in the boroughs. It also redistributed electoral constituencies, increasing representation for the rapidly growing industrial towns, to begin to reflect the major population changes of the period. The Great Reform Act was presented as a new Magna Carta in popular prints and in other mass-produced items, including cordial bottles and figurines. Published soon after the Act was passed, this book, entitled The Great Charter of 1832, presents it as another Magna Carta. In the introduction, the anonymous author traces the history of constitutional reform, claiming that Magna Carta was a milestone in the advance towards

BL3261237

Proclamation by the Queen to the People of India.
In the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion (1857-58), the British Parliament passed the Government of India Act, transferring the rights and administrative authority of the East India Company to the British Crown. These governmental changes were announced to the 'Princes, Chiefs and People of India' in the form of this proclamation issued by Queen Victoria
(r. 1837-1901). Seeking to maintain peace after the Rebellion, the whole tenor of the Proclamation was one of generosity and benevolence. It
granted 'the Natives of Our Indian Territories' the same rights as 'all Our other Subjects' and, among other things, promised to support
religious toleration, to recognise the 'Customs of India', to end racial discrimination and to ensure that 'all shall alike enjoy the equal impartial
protection of the Law'. By recognising Indians as British subjects, and extending to them rights consistent with that status, the Proclamation
was widely heralded by Indian subjects, including Mohandas Gandhi (d. 1948), as their Magna Carta. — Proclamation by the Queen to the People of India. In the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion (1857-58), the British Parliament passed the Government of India Act, transferring the rights and administrative authority of the East India Company to the British Crown. These governmental changes were announced to the 'Princes, Chiefs and People of India' in the form of this proclamation issued by Queen Victoria (r. 1837-1901). Seeking to maintain peace after the Rebellion, the whole tenor of the Proclamation was one of generosity and benevolence. It granted 'the Natives of Our Indian Territories' the same rights as 'all Our other Subjects' and, among other things, promised to support religious toleration, to recognise the 'Customs of India', to end racial discrimination and to ensure that 'all shall alike enjoy the equal impartial protection of the Law'. By recognising Indians as British subjects, and extending to them rights consistent with that status, the Proclamation was widely heralded by

Proclamation by the Queen to the People of India. In the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion (1857-58), the British Parliament passed the Government of India Act, transferring the rights and administrative authority of the East India Company to the British Crown. These governmental changes were announced to the 'Princes, Chiefs and People of India' in the form of this proclamation issued by Queen Victoria (r. 1837-1901). Seeking to maintain peace after the Rebellion, the whole tenor of the Proclamation was one of generosity and benevolence. It granted 'the Natives of Our Indian Territories' the same rights as 'all Our other Subjects' and, among other things, promised to support religious toleration, to recognise the 'Customs of India', to end racial discrimination and to ensure that 'all shall alike enjoy the equal impartial protection of the Law'. By recognising Indians as British subjects, and extending to them rights consistent with that status, the Proclamation was widely heralded by

BL3261236

Translation of the Magna Carta into Anglo-Norman French

Translation of the Magna Carta into Anglo-Norman French

BL3294116

The Frame of the Government of Pennsylvania. Having received a substantial grant of lands in 1681 in what would become known as Pennsylvania, William Penn set about devising a constitution for his new colony, which became The Frame of the Government of Pennsylvania. That document, and its accompanying 'Laws agreed upon in England', contained many provisions
based on Magna Carta, including that 'all fines shall be moderate' (Law XVIII). Law XVIII in turn reflected clause 20, stating that fines should be proportionate to the offence committed. This was the first time that an American colony had
expressly adopted elements of Magna Carta as part of the initial act of colonisation — The Frame of the Government of Pennsylvania. Having received a substantial grant of lands in 1681 in what would become known as Pennsylvania, William Penn set about devising a constitution for his new colony, which became The Frame of the Government of Pennsylvania. That document, and its accompanying 'Laws agreed upon in England', contained many provisions based on Magna Carta, including that 'all fines shall be moderate' (Law XVIII). Law XVIII in turn reflected clause 20, stating that fines should be proportionate to the offence committed. This was the first time that an American colony had expressly adopted elements of Magna Carta as part of the initial act of colonisation

The Frame of the Government of Pennsylvania. Having received a substantial grant of lands in 1681 in what would become known as Pennsylvania, William Penn set about devising a constitution for his new colony, which became The Frame of the Government of Pennsylvania. That document, and its accompanying 'Laws agreed upon in England', contained many provisions based on Magna Carta, including that 'all fines shall be moderate' (Law XVIII). Law XVIII in turn reflected clause 20, stating that fines should be proportionate to the offence committed. This was the first time that an American colony had expressly adopted elements of Magna Carta as part of the initial act of colonisation

BL3289717

Great Seal of King John, 1215 (metal)

Great Seal of King John, 1215 (metal)

English School, (13th century)

BL6323900

Déclaration des droits de la femme et de la citoyenne' (Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Citizen)

Déclaration des droits de la femme et de la citoyenne' (Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Citizen)

BL3303953

Orders for the Governor and Council of St Helena.
In 1708, Captain John Roberts was appointed by the East India Company to replace the recently deceased Captain Stephen Poirier as Governor of
St Helena, a remote but commercially significant island in the South Atlantic. Upon taking up the post, Roberts and the island's council received
orders from the directors of the company, reminding them to 'take Effectuall care' that 'the Old Standing constitutions, which are as it were the Magna Carta of the Island, be religiously preserved & maintained'. The orders form part of a compilation of laws and ordinances sent to St Helena by the East India Company, which since 1683 had provided the island with a complete 'System of Laws and Constitutions'.
Introducing trial by jury and due process, the laws were influenced by, and regularly compared to, Magna Carta; that association was consciously nurtured by the company, which presented the laws as the basis of a fundamental
and independent constitution for St Helena. — Orders for the Governor and Council of St Helena. In 1708, Captain John Roberts was appointed by the East India Company to replace the recently deceased Captain Stephen Poirier as Governor of St Helena, a remote but commercially significant island in the South Atlantic. Upon taking up the post, Roberts and the island's council received orders from the directors of the company, reminding them to 'take Effectuall care' that 'the Old Standing constitutions, which are as it were the Magna Carta of the Island, be religiously preserved & maintained'. The orders form part of a compilation of laws and ordinances sent to St Helena by the East India Company, which since 1683 had provided the island with a complete 'System of Laws and Constitutions'. Introducing trial by jury and due process, the laws were influenced by, and regularly compared to, Magna Carta; that association was consciously nurtured by the company, which presented the laws as the basis of a fundamental and independent constitut

Orders for the Governor and Council of St Helena. In 1708, Captain John Roberts was appointed by the East India Company to replace the recently deceased Captain Stephen Poirier as Governor of St Helena, a remote but commercially significant island in the South Atlantic. Upon taking up the post, Roberts and the island's council received orders from the directors of the company, reminding them to 'take Effectuall care' that 'the Old Standing constitutions, which are as it were the Magna Carta of the Island, be religiously preserved & maintained'. The orders form part of a compilation of laws and ordinances sent to St Helena by the East India Company, which since 1683 had provided the island with a complete 'System of Laws and Constitutions'. Introducing trial by jury and due process, the laws were influenced by, and regularly compared to, Magna Carta; that association was consciously nurtured by the company, which presented the laws as the basis of a fundamental and independent constitut

BL3261238

Having received a substantial grant of lands in 1681 in what would become known as Pennsylvania, William Penn set about devising a constitution for his new colony, which became The Frame of the Government of Pennsylvania. That document, and its accompanying 'Laws agreed upon in England', contained many provisions based on Magna Carta, including that 'all Courts shall be open, and Justice shall neither be sold, denyed nor delayed' (Law V), that court proceedings 'may be understood, and Justice speedily administred' (Law VII). The first of these provisions closely echoed clause 40 of the 1215 Magna Carta ('To no one will we sell, to no one deny or delay right or justice'). This was the first time that an American colony had expressly adopted elements of Magna Carta as part of the initial act of colonisation

Having received a substantial grant of lands in 1681 in what would become known as Pennsylvania, William Penn set about devising a constitution for his new colony, which became The Frame of the Government of Pennsylvania. That document, and its accompanying 'Laws agreed upon in England', contained many provisions based on Magna Carta, including that 'all Courts shall be open, and Justice shall neither be sold, denyed nor delayed' (Law V), that court proceedings 'may be understood, and Justice speedily administred' (Law VII). The first of these provisions closely echoed clause 40 of the 1215 Magna Carta ('To no one will we sell, to no one deny or delay right or justice'). This was the first time that an American colony had expressly adopted elements of Magna Carta as part of the initial act of colonisation

BL3289713

The Lawes of Virginia. Virginia was the first permanent English colony in North America, established by the London Company in 1607. The foundation charter of that new colony, drafted by Sir Edward Coke (d. 1634), stated that English law should be applied to the settlers. However, by the time that The Lawes of Virginia was published in 1662, it had become evident that certain principles of English law, which took their inspiration from Magna Carta, were no longer recognised in Virginia. This was especially the case regarding 'Tryals by Juryes', which were limited by the legal procedures instituted in that colony. The Lawes of Virginia therefore directed that, as this 'restriction is quite contrary to the Law of England "¦ by which we are to be governed', trial by jury was to be reinstated, and a jury empanelled to attend court on a daily basis

The Lawes of Virginia. Virginia was the first permanent English colony in North America, established by the London Company in 1607. The foundation charter of that new colony, drafted by Sir Edward Coke (d. 1634), stated that English law should be applied to the settlers. However, by the time that The Lawes of Virginia was published in 1662, it had become evident that certain principles of English law, which took their inspiration from Magna Carta, were no longer recognised in Virginia. This was especially the case regarding 'Tryals by Juryes', which were limited by the legal procedures instituted in that colony. The Lawes of Virginia therefore directed that, as this 'restriction is quite contrary to the Law of England "¦ by which we are to be governed', trial by jury was to be reinstated, and a jury empanelled to attend court on a daily basis

BL3289718

Humble Petition of the British Subjects.
In 1773 the British government established the Supreme Court of Judicature for Bengal. Controversially, the court limited the use of juries to criminal cases, while at the same time it effectively extended English law to Indians
in the region by admitting their lawsuits. As this petition shows, the Supreme Court was resented by many British expatriates, who felt that it weakened their authority and undermined 'the Great Charter of British Liberties'. Ill-feeling reached its peak in the 1779 civil trial of James Creassy, Superintendent of Public Works in Calcutta, who was denied the right to trial by jury for the assault, battery and false imprisonment of two Hindu carpenters. Creassy's case was the catalyst for this petition, bearing 647 signatures, to the House of Commons in London. It called for the restriction of legal actions by Indians and the re-establishment of the 'inherent, unalienable and indefeasible' rights granted to Englishmen in Magna Carta. — Humble Petition of the British Subjects. In 1773 the British government established the Supreme Court of Judicature for Bengal. Controversially, the court limited the use of juries to criminal cases, while at the same time it effectively extended English law to Indians in the region by admitting their lawsuits. As this petition shows, the Supreme Court was resented by many British expatriates, who felt that it weakened their authority and undermined 'the Great Charter of British Liberties'. Ill-feeling reached its peak in the 1779 civil trial of James Creassy, Superintendent of Public Works in Calcutta, who was denied the right to trial by jury for the assault, battery and false imprisonment of two Hindu carpenters. Creassy's case was the catalyst for this petition, bearing 647 signatures, to the House of Commons in London. It called for the restriction of legal actions by Indians and the re-establishment of the 'inherent, unalienable and indefeasible' rights granted to Englishmen in M

Humble Petition of the British Subjects. In 1773 the British government established the Supreme Court of Judicature for Bengal. Controversially, the court limited the use of juries to criminal cases, while at the same time it effectively extended English law to Indians in the region by admitting their lawsuits. As this petition shows, the Supreme Court was resented by many British expatriates, who felt that it weakened their authority and undermined 'the Great Charter of British Liberties'. Ill-feeling reached its peak in the 1779 civil trial of James Creassy, Superintendent of Public Works in Calcutta, who was denied the right to trial by jury for the assault, battery and false imprisonment of two Hindu carpenters. Creassy's case was the catalyst for this petition, bearing 647 signatures, to the House of Commons in London. It called for the restriction of legal actions by Indians and the re-establishment of the 'inherent, unalienable and indefeasible' rights granted to Englishmen in M

BL3261234

William Blackstone's The Great Charter and Charter of the Forest contains the texts of fourteen medieval documents, tracing the history of Magna Carta from the Articles of the Barons in 1215 to the confirmation of the charter by King Edward I (r. 1272-1307) in 1300. The Great Charter was a pioneering piece of historical scholarship, based on examination of the original documents. Most importantly, Blackstone was the first to publish an accurate
version of the text of Magna Carta as issued by King John in 1215. In so doing, he was able to establish that the 1215 Magna Carta was significantly different from the version entered on the Statute Roll in 1297 (itself derived from
the 1225 Magna Carta) — William Blackstone's The Great Charter and Charter of the Forest contains the texts of fourteen medieval documents, tracing the history of Magna Carta from the Articles of the Barons in 1215 to the confirmation of the charter by King Edward I (r. 1272-1307) in 1300. The Great Charter was a pioneering piece of historical scholarship, based on examination of the original documents. Most importantly, Blackstone was the first to publish an accurate version of the text of Magna Carta as issued by King John in 1215. In so doing, he was able to establish that the 1215 Magna Carta was significantly different from the version entered on the Statute Roll in 1297 (itself derived from the 1225 Magna Carta)

William Blackstone's The Great Charter and Charter of the Forest contains the texts of fourteen medieval documents, tracing the history of Magna Carta from the Articles of the Barons in 1215 to the confirmation of the charter by King Edward I (r. 1272-1307) in 1300. The Great Charter was a pioneering piece of historical scholarship, based on examination of the original documents. Most importantly, Blackstone was the first to publish an accurate version of the text of Magna Carta as issued by King John in 1215. In so doing, he was able to establish that the 1215 Magna Carta was significantly different from the version entered on the Statute Roll in 1297 (itself derived from the 1225 Magna Carta)

BL3261251

Illustrated page.

Illustrated page.

BL3296131

A Declaration of the General Court holden at Boston 4 (9) 1646, concerning a Remonstrance and Petition exhibited at last Session of this Court by Doctor Child, Thomas Fowle, Samuel Maverick, Thomas Burton, John Smith, David Yale, and John Dand'

A Declaration of the General Court holden at Boston 4 (9) 1646, concerning a Remonstrance and Petition exhibited at last Session of this Court by Doctor Child, Thomas Fowle, Samuel Maverick, Thomas Burton, John Smith, David Yale, and John Dand'

BL3261278

At Runnymede, at Runnymede / What moves the reeds at Runnymede?' So begins this poem by Rudyard Kipling (d. 1936), first published in 1911. 'The Reeds of Runnymede' was commissioned to accompany a children's history
of England, written by the Oxford academic, C. R. L. Fletcher (d. 1934), to which Kipling contributed twenty-three poems. The book
itself received a mixed reaction, on account of Fletcher's racial prejudices. For instance, Fletcher denigrated the native people of Australia as 'a
few miserable blacks, who could hardly use even bows and arrows', and he lamented the impact of the abolition of slavery on the prosperity
of the West Indies. A History of England was venerated by some, but it was condemned by the Manchester Guardian as a pernicious influence
on the minds of children, and the volume was banned in parts of the British Empire. Kipling's poem, seen here in the author's draft, is uncontentious. The author imagines that the reeds in the Runnymede water meadow
are witnesses to the meeting between King John and the barons, and he suggests that their rustling provides a warning to monarchs
who dare to disregard their subjects. Kipling's handwriting is crabbed, and some of his original words were altered when the poem was
being prepared for publication. For example, the opening lines of the manuscript version read, 'What moves the reeds at Runnymede',
reproduced in print as 'What say the reeds'. The penultimate stanza of the poem is rewritten extensively in the manuscript, with this being
Kipling's final draft:
At Runnymede, at Runnymede,
Your rights were won at Runnymede!
No freeman shall be fined or bound,
Or dispossessed of freehold ground,
Except by lawful judgement found
And passed upon him by his peers!
Forget not, after all these years,
The charter signed at Runnymede. — At Runnymede, at Runnymede / What moves the reeds at Runnymede?' So begins this poem by Rudyard Kipling (d. 1936), first published in 1911. 'The Reeds of Runnymede' was commissioned to accompany a children's history of England, written by the Oxford academic, C. R. L. Fletcher (d. 1934), to which Kipling contributed twenty-three poems. The book itself received a mixed reaction, on account of Fletcher's racial prejudices. For instance, Fletcher denigrated the native people of Australia as 'a few miserable blacks, who could hardly use even bows and arrows', and he lamented the impact of the abolition of slavery on the prosperity of the West Indies. A History of England was venerated by some, but it was condemned by the Manchester Guardian as a pernicious influence on the minds of children, and the volume was banned in parts of the British Empire. Kipling's poem, seen here in the author's draft, is uncontentious. The author imagines that the reeds in the Runnymede water meadow are w

At Runnymede, at Runnymede / What moves the reeds at Runnymede?' So begins this poem by Rudyard Kipling (d. 1936), first published in 1911. 'The Reeds of Runnymede' was commissioned to accompany a children's history of England, written by the Oxford academic, C. R. L. Fletcher (d. 1934), to which Kipling contributed twenty-three poems. The book itself received a mixed reaction, on account of Fletcher's racial prejudices. For instance, Fletcher denigrated the native people of Australia as 'a few miserable blacks, who could hardly use even bows and arrows', and he lamented the impact of the abolition of slavery on the prosperity of the West Indies. A History of England was venerated by some, but it was condemned by the Manchester Guardian as a pernicious influence on the minds of children, and the volume was banned in parts of the British Empire. Kipling's poem, seen here in the author's draft, is uncontentious. The author imagines that the reeds in the Runnymede water meadow are w

BL3305448

The Declaration of Rights made by the Representatives of the good people of Virginia, assembled in full and free Convention; which rights do pertain to them, and their posterity as the basis and foundation of Government'

The Declaration of Rights made by the Representatives of the good people of Virginia, assembled in full and free Convention; which rights do pertain to them, and their posterity as the basis and foundation of Government'

BL3261942

A Plea for the Constitution, Jeremy Bentham, 1803

A Plea for the Constitution, Jeremy Bentham, 1803

BL3261231

The Statutes of the Realm was a ground-breaking publication which, for the first time, brought together printed editions of Magna Carta as
issued in 1215, 1216, 1217, 1225 and 1297. The text of each document was reproduced to show abbreviations, corrections and variants between the surviving copies. Most remarkably, facsimiles were also published of selected
manuscripts, including the Lincoln Cathedral version of King John's 1215 Magna Carta. The editors based their text of the 1215 charter on this Lincoln copy, collated with the two then held by the British Museum (now at the British Library) and the text in the Red Book of the Exchequer (now at the National Archives). The Salisbury Cathedral manuscript of Magna Carta was rediscovered after 1810, when this publication was prepared. The House of Commons had first proposed the publication of the statutes in 1800, and this is the copy presented to the King's own library. — The Statutes of the Realm was a ground-breaking publication which, for the first time, brought together printed editions of Magna Carta as issued in 1215, 1216, 1217, 1225 and 1297. The text of each document was reproduced to show abbreviations, corrections and variants between the surviving copies. Most remarkably, facsimiles were also published of selected manuscripts, including the Lincoln Cathedral version of King John's 1215 Magna Carta. The editors based their text of the 1215 charter on this Lincoln copy, collated with the two then held by the British Museum (now at the British Library) and the text in the Red Book of the Exchequer (now at the National Archives). The Salisbury Cathedral manuscript of Magna Carta was rediscovered after 1810, when this publication was prepared. The House of Commons had first proposed the publication of the statutes in 1800, and this is the copy presented to the King's own library.

The Statutes of the Realm was a ground-breaking publication which, for the first time, brought together printed editions of Magna Carta as issued in 1215, 1216, 1217, 1225 and 1297. The text of each document was reproduced to show abbreviations, corrections and variants between the surviving copies. Most remarkably, facsimiles were also published of selected manuscripts, including the Lincoln Cathedral version of King John's 1215 Magna Carta. The editors based their text of the 1215 charter on this Lincoln copy, collated with the two then held by the British Museum (now at the British Library) and the text in the Red Book of the Exchequer (now at the National Archives). The Salisbury Cathedral manuscript of Magna Carta was rediscovered after 1810, when this publication was prepared. The House of Commons had first proposed the publication of the statutes in 1800, and this is the copy presented to the King's own library.

BL3261241

William Blackstone's The Great Charter and Charter of the Forest contains the texts of fourteen medieval documents, tracing the history of Magna Carta from the Articles of the Barons in 1215 to the confirmation of the charter by King Edward I (r. 1272-1307) in 1300. The Great Charter was a pioneering piece of historical scholarship, based on examination of the original documents. Most importantly, Blackstone was the first to publish an accurate version of the text of Magna Carta as issued by King John in 1215. In so doing, he was able to establish that the 1215 Magna Carta was significantly different from the version entered on the Statute Roll in 1297 (itself derived from
the 1225 Magna Carta) — William Blackstone's The Great Charter and Charter of the Forest contains the texts of fourteen medieval documents, tracing the history of Magna Carta from the Articles of the Barons in 1215 to the confirmation of the charter by King Edward I (r. 1272-1307) in 1300. The Great Charter was a pioneering piece of historical scholarship, based on examination of the original documents. Most importantly, Blackstone was the first to publish an accurate version of the text of Magna Carta as issued by King John in 1215. In so doing, he was able to establish that the 1215 Magna Carta was significantly different from the version entered on the Statute Roll in 1297 (itself derived from the 1225 Magna Carta)

William Blackstone's The Great Charter and Charter of the Forest contains the texts of fourteen medieval documents, tracing the history of Magna Carta from the Articles of the Barons in 1215 to the confirmation of the charter by King Edward I (r. 1272-1307) in 1300. The Great Charter was a pioneering piece of historical scholarship, based on examination of the original documents. Most importantly, Blackstone was the first to publish an accurate version of the text of Magna Carta as issued by King John in 1215. In so doing, he was able to establish that the 1215 Magna Carta was significantly different from the version entered on the Statute Roll in 1297 (itself derived from the 1225 Magna Carta)

BL3261271

This Appendix to issue forty-five of The North Briton was published after John Wilkes returned from exile in 1768. Despite being arrested and jailed in the King's Bench Prison, Wilkes sought re-election to Parliament (1768-69), and he used The North Briton to promote himself as a defender of ancient English liberties. The Appendix supplied a detailed account of his prosecution, and began by repeating in full the famous clause from Magna Carta stating that 'No freeman may be apprehended or imprisoned "¦', which was quoted in Latin in the main body of the text and translated into English in a footnote. From his prison cell, Wilkes was re-elected as a Member of Parliament for
Middlesex and Alderman of London, despite opposition from the government. His use of Magna Carta was a masterstroke, and throughout this period the rallying cry of 'Wilkes and liberty' was repeatedly heard on the streets of London — This Appendix to issue forty-five of The North Briton was published after John Wilkes returned from exile in 1768. Despite being arrested and jailed in the King's Bench Prison, Wilkes sought re-election to Parliament (1768-69), and he used The North Briton to promote himself as a defender of ancient English liberties. The Appendix supplied a detailed account of his prosecution, and began by repeating in full the famous clause from Magna Carta stating that 'No freeman may be apprehended or imprisoned "¦', which was quoted in Latin in the main body of the text and translated into English in a footnote. From his prison cell, Wilkes was re-elected as a Member of Parliament for Middlesex and Alderman of London, despite opposition from the government. His use of Magna Carta was a masterstroke, and throughout this period the rallying cry of 'Wilkes and liberty' was repeatedly heard on the streets of London

This Appendix to issue forty-five of The North Briton was published after John Wilkes returned from exile in 1768. Despite being arrested and jailed in the King's Bench Prison, Wilkes sought re-election to Parliament (1768-69), and he used The North Briton to promote himself as a defender of ancient English liberties. The Appendix supplied a detailed account of his prosecution, and began by repeating in full the famous clause from Magna Carta stating that 'No freeman may be apprehended or imprisoned "¦', which was quoted in Latin in the main body of the text and translated into English in a footnote. From his prison cell, Wilkes was re-elected as a Member of Parliament for Middlesex and Alderman of London, despite opposition from the government. His use of Magna Carta was a masterstroke, and throughout this period the rallying cry of 'Wilkes and liberty' was repeatedly heard on the streets of London

BL3294691

The Statutes of the Realm was a ground-breaking publication which, for the first time, brought together printed editions of Magna Carta as
issued in 1215, 1216, 1217, 1225 and 1297. The text of each document was reproduced to show abbreviations, corrections and variants between the surviving copies. Most remarkably, facsimiles were also published of selected
manuscripts, including the Lincoln Cathedral version of King John's 1215 Magna Carta. The editors based their text of the 1215 charter on this Lincoln copy, collated with the two then held by the British Museum (now at the British Library) and the text in the Red Book of the Exchequer (now at the National Archives). The Salisbury Cathedral manuscript of Magna Carta was rediscovered after 1810, when this publication was prepared. The House of Commons had first proposed the publication of the statutes in 1800, and this is the copy presented to the King's own library. — The Statutes of the Realm was a ground-breaking publication which, for the first time, brought together printed editions of Magna Carta as issued in 1215, 1216, 1217, 1225 and 1297. The text of each document was reproduced to show abbreviations, corrections and variants between the surviving copies. Most remarkably, facsimiles were also published of selected manuscripts, including the Lincoln Cathedral version of King John's 1215 Magna Carta. The editors based their text of the 1215 charter on this Lincoln copy, collated with the two then held by the British Museum (now at the British Library) and the text in the Red Book of the Exchequer (now at the National Archives). The Salisbury Cathedral manuscript of Magna Carta was rediscovered after 1810, when this publication was prepared. The House of Commons had first proposed the publication of the statutes in 1800, and this is the copy presented to the King's own library.

The Statutes of the Realm was a ground-breaking publication which, for the first time, brought together printed editions of Magna Carta as issued in 1215, 1216, 1217, 1225 and 1297. The text of each document was reproduced to show abbreviations, corrections and variants between the surviving copies. Most remarkably, facsimiles were also published of selected manuscripts, including the Lincoln Cathedral version of King John's 1215 Magna Carta. The editors based their text of the 1215 charter on this Lincoln copy, collated with the two then held by the British Museum (now at the British Library) and the text in the Red Book of the Exchequer (now at the National Archives). The Salisbury Cathedral manuscript of Magna Carta was rediscovered after 1810, when this publication was prepared. The House of Commons had first proposed the publication of the statutes in 1800, and this is the copy presented to the King's own library.

BL3261240

Verse account of the Magna Carta for the year 1215

Verse account of the Magna Carta for the year 1215

BL3287479

The Lawes of Virginia. Virginia was the first permanent English colony in North America, established by the London Company in 1607. The foundation charter of that new colony, drafted by Sir Edward Coke (d. 1634), stated that English law should be applied to the settlers. However, by the time that The Lawes of Virginia was published in 1662, it had become evident that certain principles of English law, which took their inspiration from Magna Carta, were no longer recognised in Virginia. This was especially the case regarding 'Tryals by Juryes', which were limited by the legal procedures instituted in that colony. The Lawes of Virginia therefore directed that, as this 'restriction is quite contrary to the Law of England "¦ by which we are to be governed', trial by jury was to be reinstated, and a jury empanelled to attend court on a daily basis

The Lawes of Virginia. Virginia was the first permanent English colony in North America, established by the London Company in 1607. The foundation charter of that new colony, drafted by Sir Edward Coke (d. 1634), stated that English law should be applied to the settlers. However, by the time that The Lawes of Virginia was published in 1662, it had become evident that certain principles of English law, which took their inspiration from Magna Carta, were no longer recognised in Virginia. This was especially the case regarding 'Tryals by Juryes', which were limited by the legal procedures instituted in that colony. The Lawes of Virginia therefore directed that, as this 'restriction is quite contrary to the Law of England "¦ by which we are to be governed', trial by jury was to be reinstated, and a jury empanelled to attend court on a daily basis

BL3289721

Interior of a cathedral.

Interior of a cathedral.

BL3296136

A papal bull of Innocent III, annulling 'Magna Carta', Anagni, 24th August 1215

A papal bull of Innocent III, annulling 'Magna Carta', Anagni, 24th August 1215

BL3296361

A Declaration of the General Court holden at Boston 4 (9) 1646, concerning a Remonstrance and Petition exhibited at last Session of this Court by Doctor Child, Thomas Fowle, Samuel Maverick, Thomas Burton, John Smith, David Yale, and John Dand'

A Declaration of the General Court holden at Boston 4 (9) 1646, concerning a Remonstrance and Petition exhibited at last Session of this Court by Doctor Child, Thomas Fowle, Samuel Maverick, Thomas Burton, John Smith, David Yale, and John Dand'

BL3261294

The Declaration of Rights made by the Representatives of the good people of Virginia, assembled in full and free Convention; which rights do pertain to them, and their posterity as the basis and foundation of Government'

The Declaration of Rights made by the Representatives of the good people of Virginia, assembled in full and free Convention; which rights do pertain to them, and their posterity as the basis and foundation of Government'

BL3261943

The Old Issue: October 9, 1899 (Outbreak of Boer War)'.
First published in September 1899, a month before the outbreak of the second Boer War, Rudyard Kipling's 'The Old Issue' referred to Magna Carta when attacking Paul Kruger's government in the Transvaal, which had
consistently denied political and civic rights to British settlers in the region. Kipling (d. 1936) revised the poem for later collections to emphasise its connection with the Boer War. The poem appears here in Kipling's personal copy of his collected verse from 1919. The title of the poem suggests that the denial of rights by a tyrannical ruler was an 'old issue' that
the English had resisted since Magna Carta. When first published, the poem was used to advocate British military intervention in the Transvaal; editions published after the war were justifications of empire which, to Kipling, defended liberty and the rule of law across the globe. — The Old Issue: October 9, 1899 (Outbreak of Boer War)'. First published in September 1899, a month before the outbreak of the second Boer War, Rudyard Kipling's 'The Old Issue' referred to Magna Carta when attacking Paul Kruger's government in the Transvaal, which had consistently denied political and civic rights to British settlers in the region. Kipling (d. 1936) revised the poem for later collections to emphasise its connection with the Boer War. The poem appears here in Kipling's personal copy of his collected verse from 1919. The title of the poem suggests that the denial of rights by a tyrannical ruler was an 'old issue' that the English had resisted since Magna Carta. When first published, the poem was used to advocate British military intervention in the Transvaal; editions published after the war were justifications of empire which, to Kipling, defended liberty and the rule of law across the globe.

The Old Issue: October 9, 1899 (Outbreak of Boer War)'. First published in September 1899, a month before the outbreak of the second Boer War, Rudyard Kipling's 'The Old Issue' referred to Magna Carta when attacking Paul Kruger's government in the Transvaal, which had consistently denied political and civic rights to British settlers in the region. Kipling (d. 1936) revised the poem for later collections to emphasise its connection with the Boer War. The poem appears here in Kipling's personal copy of his collected verse from 1919. The title of the poem suggests that the denial of rights by a tyrannical ruler was an 'old issue' that the English had resisted since Magna Carta. When first published, the poem was used to advocate British military intervention in the Transvaal; editions published after the war were justifications of empire which, to Kipling, defended liberty and the rule of law across the globe.

BL3303946

In 1670 the Quaker and future founder of Pennsylvania, William Penn (d. 1718), was arrested on a charge of being part of an 'unlawful and tumultuous' assembly in London. Having been tried at the Old Bailey, Penn was initially acquitted by the jury, whose members were then chastised, fined and imprisoned for having returned a verdict of not guilty. Invoking Magna Carta, an incredulous Penn called from the dock, 'It is intolerable that my Jury should be thus menaced; Is this according to the fundamental Laws? Are not they my proper Judges by the great Charter of England?' Penn published this transcript of his trial, representing his cause as a defence of the ancient liberties embodied in Magna Carta, to which was added a lengthy analysis of 'the Material Parts of the Great Charter of England'

In 1670 the Quaker and future founder of Pennsylvania, William Penn (d. 1718), was arrested on a charge of being part of an 'unlawful and tumultuous' assembly in London. Having been tried at the Old Bailey, Penn was initially acquitted by the jury, whose members were then chastised, fined and imprisoned for having returned a verdict of not guilty. Invoking Magna Carta, an incredulous Penn called from the dock, 'It is intolerable that my Jury should be thus menaced; Is this according to the fundamental Laws? Are not they my proper Judges by the great Charter of England?' Penn published this transcript of his trial, representing his cause as a defence of the ancient liberties embodied in Magna Carta, to which was added a lengthy analysis of 'the Material Parts of the Great Charter of England'

BL3261243

In 1821 M. Landry of Fancy Repository, Greenwich, published this children's game which gave prominence to the Great Charter.
Described by its anonymous author as an 'Instructive Pastime', the game was designed to teach chivalry to younger people. The playing cards were hand-coloured, with each one bearing an image of the twenty-four Orders of
Knighthood, or an important event, item or person associated with English history. Among the cards were 'Magna Charta' (No. 52), 'Bill of Rights' (No. 39), 'Robin Hood' (No. 5) and 'Doomsday Book' (No. 4). According to the rather complicated rules, 'Magna Charta takes any card and is privileged to mark twelve points'. Intriguingly, 'Magna Charta' itself is represented not by a picture of a medieval document but by two pink roses. — In 1821 M. Landry of Fancy Repository, Greenwich, published this children's game which gave prominence to the Great Charter. Described by its anonymous author as an 'Instructive Pastime', the game was designed to teach chivalry to younger people. The playing cards were hand-coloured, with each one bearing an image of the twenty-four Orders of Knighthood, or an important event, item or person associated with English history. Among the cards were 'Magna Charta' (No. 52), 'Bill of Rights' (No. 39), 'Robin Hood' (No. 5) and 'Doomsday Book' (No. 4). According to the rather complicated rules, 'Magna Charta takes any card and is privileged to mark twelve points'. Intriguingly, 'Magna Charta' itself is represented not by a picture of a medieval document but by two pink roses.

In 1821 M. Landry of Fancy Repository, Greenwich, published this children's game which gave prominence to the Great Charter. Described by its anonymous author as an 'Instructive Pastime', the game was designed to teach chivalry to younger people. The playing cards were hand-coloured, with each one bearing an image of the twenty-four Orders of Knighthood, or an important event, item or person associated with English history. Among the cards were 'Magna Charta' (No. 52), 'Bill of Rights' (No. 39), 'Robin Hood' (No. 5) and 'Doomsday Book' (No. 4). According to the rather complicated rules, 'Magna Charta takes any card and is privileged to mark twelve points'. Intriguingly, 'Magna Charta' itself is represented not by a picture of a medieval document but by two pink roses.

BL3261270

The trial of James Creassy was met with indignation by many British residents in Bengal, who published this commentary on the case to accompany the petition to the House of Commons in 1779. Ignoring Creassy's crime,
the authors of the commentary criticised the Supreme Court of Judicature for denying trial by jury to British subjects. In support of Creassy's
request for a jury, the commentary argued that the 'indubitable and unalienable Privilege' of British law extended to Britons living in India; this privilege, it claimed, had been rejected by Sir Elijah Impey (d. 1809), the Chief Justice, who argued that 'the Bill of Rights and Magna Charta' had 'merely a local Influence' confined to Britain, and that Creassy 'was running his Head against a Wall, and would dash his Brains out' if he persisted in the appeal. The petition and its accompanying commentary eventually forced Parliament to reform the Bengal Supreme Court in 1781. — The trial of James Creassy was met with indignation by many British residents in Bengal, who published this commentary on the case to accompany the petition to the House of Commons in 1779. Ignoring Creassy's crime, the authors of the commentary criticised the Supreme Court of Judicature for denying trial by jury to British subjects. In support of Creassy's request for a jury, the commentary argued that the 'indubitable and unalienable Privilege' of British law extended to Britons living in India; this privilege, it claimed, had been rejected by Sir Elijah Impey (d. 1809), the Chief Justice, who argued that 'the Bill of Rights and Magna Charta' had 'merely a local Influence' confined to Britain, and that Creassy 'was running his Head against a Wall, and would dash his Brains out' if he persisted in the appeal. The petition and its accompanying commentary eventually forced Parliament to reform the Bengal Supreme Court in 1781.

The trial of James Creassy was met with indignation by many British residents in Bengal, who published this commentary on the case to accompany the petition to the House of Commons in 1779. Ignoring Creassy's crime, the authors of the commentary criticised the Supreme Court of Judicature for denying trial by jury to British subjects. In support of Creassy's request for a jury, the commentary argued that the 'indubitable and unalienable Privilege' of British law extended to Britons living in India; this privilege, it claimed, had been rejected by Sir Elijah Impey (d. 1809), the Chief Justice, who argued that 'the Bill of Rights and Magna Charta' had 'merely a local Influence' confined to Britain, and that Creassy 'was running his Head against a Wall, and would dash his Brains out' if he persisted in the appeal. The petition and its accompanying commentary eventually forced Parliament to reform the Bengal Supreme Court in 1781.

BL3311579

A shield, other items and seal.

A shield, other items and seal.

BL3296135

The trial of James Creassy was met with indignation by many British residents in Bengal, who published this commentary on the case to accompany the petition to the House of Commons in 1779. Ignoring Creassy's crime,
the authors of the commentary criticised the Supreme Court of Judicature for denying trial by jury to British subjects. In support of Creassy's
request for a jury, the commentary argued that the 'indubitable and unalienable Privilege' of British law extended to Britons living in India; this privilege, it claimed, had been rejected by Sir Elijah Impey (d. 1809), the Chief Justice, who argued that 'the Bill of Rights and Magna Charta' had 'merely a local Influence' confined to Britain, and that Creassy 'was running his Head against a Wall, and would dash his Brains out' if he persisted in the appeal. The petition and its accompanying commentary eventually forced Parliament to reform the Bengal Supreme Court in 1781. — The trial of James Creassy was met with indignation by many British residents in Bengal, who published this commentary on the case to accompany the petition to the House of Commons in 1779. Ignoring Creassy's crime, the authors of the commentary criticised the Supreme Court of Judicature for denying trial by jury to British subjects. In support of Creassy's request for a jury, the commentary argued that the 'indubitable and unalienable Privilege' of British law extended to Britons living in India; this privilege, it claimed, had been rejected by Sir Elijah Impey (d. 1809), the Chief Justice, who argued that 'the Bill of Rights and Magna Charta' had 'merely a local Influence' confined to Britain, and that Creassy 'was running his Head against a Wall, and would dash his Brains out' if he persisted in the appeal. The petition and its accompanying commentary eventually forced Parliament to reform the Bengal Supreme Court in 1781.

The trial of James Creassy was met with indignation by many British residents in Bengal, who published this commentary on the case to accompany the petition to the House of Commons in 1779. Ignoring Creassy's crime, the authors of the commentary criticised the Supreme Court of Judicature for denying trial by jury to British subjects. In support of Creassy's request for a jury, the commentary argued that the 'indubitable and unalienable Privilege' of British law extended to Britons living in India; this privilege, it claimed, had been rejected by Sir Elijah Impey (d. 1809), the Chief Justice, who argued that 'the Bill of Rights and Magna Charta' had 'merely a local Influence' confined to Britain, and that Creassy 'was running his Head against a Wall, and would dash his Brains out' if he persisted in the appeal. The petition and its accompanying commentary eventually forced Parliament to reform the Bengal Supreme Court in 1781.

BL3311578

The Old Issue: October 9, 1899 (Outbreak of Boer War)'.
First published in September 1899, a month before the outbreak of the second Boer War, Rudyard Kipling's 'The Old Issue' referred to Magna Carta when attacking Paul Kruger's government in the Transvaal, which had
consistently denied political and civic rights to British settlers in the region. Kipling (d. 1936) revised the poem for later collections to emphasise its connection with the Boer War. The poem appears here in Kipling's personal copy of his collected verse from 1919. The title of the poem suggests that the denial of rights by a tyrannical ruler was an 'old issue' that
the English had resisted since Magna Carta. When first published, the poem was used to advocate British military intervention in the Transvaal; editions published after the war were justifications of empire which, to Kipling, defended liberty and the rule of law across the globe. — The Old Issue: October 9, 1899 (Outbreak of Boer War)'. First published in September 1899, a month before the outbreak of the second Boer War, Rudyard Kipling's 'The Old Issue' referred to Magna Carta when attacking Paul Kruger's government in the Transvaal, which had consistently denied political and civic rights to British settlers in the region. Kipling (d. 1936) revised the poem for later collections to emphasise its connection with the Boer War. The poem appears here in Kipling's personal copy of his collected verse from 1919. The title of the poem suggests that the denial of rights by a tyrannical ruler was an 'old issue' that the English had resisted since Magna Carta. When first published, the poem was used to advocate British military intervention in the Transvaal; editions published after the war were justifications of empire which, to Kipling, defended liberty and the rule of law across the globe.

The Old Issue: October 9, 1899 (Outbreak of Boer War)'. First published in September 1899, a month before the outbreak of the second Boer War, Rudyard Kipling's 'The Old Issue' referred to Magna Carta when attacking Paul Kruger's government in the Transvaal, which had consistently denied political and civic rights to British settlers in the region. Kipling (d. 1936) revised the poem for later collections to emphasise its connection with the Boer War. The poem appears here in Kipling's personal copy of his collected verse from 1919. The title of the poem suggests that the denial of rights by a tyrannical ruler was an 'old issue' that the English had resisted since Magna Carta. When first published, the poem was used to advocate British military intervention in the Transvaal; editions published after the war were justifications of empire which, to Kipling, defended liberty and the rule of law across the globe.

BL3303947

Verse account of the Magna Carta for the year 1215

Verse account of the Magna Carta for the year 1215

BL3287483

Armies of Philip Augustus and John of England approaching each other.

Armies of Philip Augustus and John of England approaching each other.

BL3313372

The European Convention on Human Rights is a pan-European treaty, drafted by a committee of the Council of Europe in which the British Conservative politician and lawyer, David Maxwell Fyfe (d. 1967), played an instrumental role. Ratified in 1950 and in force since 1953, the Convention provides the first collective commitment of states to comply with the obligations outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Certain of its statements, though distilled through time, relate to key clauses in Magna Carta. For example,
Articles 5 and 6(1) of the Convention, which address individual freedoms and legal rights, reassert principles found in clauses 39-40 of the
1215 Magna Carta. The Convention states that, 'Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save "¦ in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law'. The Convention established
the European Court of Human Rights which enforces its terms. — The European Convention on Human Rights is a pan-European treaty, drafted by a committee of the Council of Europe in which the British Conservative politician and lawyer, David Maxwell Fyfe (d. 1967), played an instrumental role. Ratified in 1950 and in force since 1953, the Convention provides the first collective commitment of states to comply with the obligations outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Certain of its statements, though distilled through time, relate to key clauses in Magna Carta. For example, Articles 5 and 6(1) of the Convention, which address individual freedoms and legal rights, reassert principles found in clauses 39-40 of the 1215 Magna Carta. The Convention states that, 'Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save "¦ in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law'. The Convention established the European Court of Human Rights which enforces its terms.

The European Convention on Human Rights is a pan-European treaty, drafted by a committee of the Council of Europe in which the British Conservative politician and lawyer, David Maxwell Fyfe (d. 1967), played an instrumental role. Ratified in 1950 and in force since 1953, the Convention provides the first collective commitment of states to comply with the obligations outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Certain of its statements, though distilled through time, relate to key clauses in Magna Carta. For example, Articles 5 and 6(1) of the Convention, which address individual freedoms and legal rights, reassert principles found in clauses 39-40 of the 1215 Magna Carta. The Convention states that, 'Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save "¦ in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law'. The Convention established the European Court of Human Rights which enforces its terms.

BL3261246

The European Convention on Human Rights is a pan-European treaty, drafted by a committee of the Council of Europe in which the British Conservative politician and lawyer, David Maxwell Fyfe (d. 1967), played an instrumental role. Ratified in 1950 and in force since 1953, the Convention provides the first collective commitment of states to comply with the obligations outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Certain of its statements, though distilled through time, relate to key clauses in Magna Carta. For example,
Articles 5 and 6(1) of the Convention, which address individual freedoms and legal rights, reassert principles found in clauses 39-40 of the
1215 Magna Carta. The Convention states that, 'Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save "¦ in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law'. The Convention established
the European Court of Human Rights which enforces its terms. — The European Convention on Human Rights is a pan-European treaty, drafted by a committee of the Council of Europe in which the British Conservative politician and lawyer, David Maxwell Fyfe (d. 1967), played an instrumental role. Ratified in 1950 and in force since 1953, the Convention provides the first collective commitment of states to comply with the obligations outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Certain of its statements, though distilled through time, relate to key clauses in Magna Carta. For example, Articles 5 and 6(1) of the Convention, which address individual freedoms and legal rights, reassert principles found in clauses 39-40 of the 1215 Magna Carta. The Convention states that, 'Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save "¦ in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law'. The Convention established the European Court of Human Rights which enforces its terms.

The European Convention on Human Rights is a pan-European treaty, drafted by a committee of the Council of Europe in which the British Conservative politician and lawyer, David Maxwell Fyfe (d. 1967), played an instrumental role. Ratified in 1950 and in force since 1953, the Convention provides the first collective commitment of states to comply with the obligations outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Certain of its statements, though distilled through time, relate to key clauses in Magna Carta. For example, Articles 5 and 6(1) of the Convention, which address individual freedoms and legal rights, reassert principles found in clauses 39-40 of the 1215 Magna Carta. The Convention states that, 'Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save "¦ in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law'. The Convention established the European Court of Human Rights which enforces its terms.

BL3261247

In 1670 the Quaker and future founder of Pennsylvania, William Penn (d. 1718), was arrested on a charge of being part of an 'unlawful and tumultuous' assembly in London. Having been tried at the Old Bailey, Penn was initially acquitted by the jury, whose members were then chastised, fined and imprisoned for having returned a verdict of not guilty. Invoking Magna Carta, an incredulous Penn called from the dock, 'It is intolerable that my Jury should be thus menaced; Is this according to the fundamental Laws? Are not they my proper Judges by the great Charter of England?' Penn published this transcript of his trial, representing his cause as a defence of the ancient liberties embodied in Magna Carta, to which was added a lengthy analysis of 'the Material Parts of the Great Charter of England'

In 1670 the Quaker and future founder of Pennsylvania, William Penn (d. 1718), was arrested on a charge of being part of an 'unlawful and tumultuous' assembly in London. Having been tried at the Old Bailey, Penn was initially acquitted by the jury, whose members were then chastised, fined and imprisoned for having returned a verdict of not guilty. Invoking Magna Carta, an incredulous Penn called from the dock, 'It is intolerable that my Jury should be thus menaced; Is this according to the fundamental Laws? Are not they my proper Judges by the great Charter of England?' Penn published this transcript of his trial, representing his cause as a defence of the ancient liberties embodied in Magna Carta, to which was added a lengthy analysis of 'the Material Parts of the Great Charter of England'

BL3261225

Déclaration des droits de la femme et de la citoyenne' (Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Citizen)

Déclaration des droits de la femme et de la citoyenne' (Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Citizen)

BL3303952

The jurors who refused to convict William Penn in 1670 were fined and imprisoned for contempt of court because they returned a verdict with which the judge disagreed. One juror, Edward Bushell, refused to pay the fine and instead sued for a writ of habeas corpus which was received by the Court of Common Pleas, presided over by Sir John Vaughan (d. 1674). Portrayed here on the frontispiece of a collection of his most famous judgments, Vaughan ruled that the imprisonment of the jury in this case was contrary to the terms of Magna Carta, and so he declared it illegal for jurors to be punished for the verdicts which they had reached. His decision, in what became known as Bushell's Case, became a landmark ruling that ensured the future autonomy of English juries. It also had consequences for jurisprudence in North America, where Penn, inspired by the trial, incorporated Magna Carta into the laws of his new colony

The jurors who refused to convict William Penn in 1670 were fined and imprisoned for contempt of court because they returned a verdict with which the judge disagreed. One juror, Edward Bushell, refused to pay the fine and instead sued for a writ of habeas corpus which was received by the Court of Common Pleas, presided over by Sir John Vaughan (d. 1674). Portrayed here on the frontispiece of a collection of his most famous judgments, Vaughan ruled that the imprisonment of the jury in this case was contrary to the terms of Magna Carta, and so he declared it illegal for jurors to be punished for the verdicts which they had reached. His decision, in what became known as Bushell's Case, became a landmark ruling that ensured the future autonomy of English juries. It also had consequences for jurisprudence in North America, where Penn, inspired by the trial, incorporated Magna Carta into the laws of his new colony

BL3261252

A king dictating the law to a scribe, with three clerics and a soldier

A king dictating the law to a scribe, with three clerics and a soldier

BL3306491

'The Life and Death of King John'

'The Life and Death of King John'

English School, (17th century)

BL3300159

Written in the late 1620s, Sir Edward Coke's Institutes was a pioneering four-volume treatise on English common law. While the first volume was published in 1628, the final three volumes appeared only posthumously, because the manuscripts in question had been confiscated on the orders of Charles I. The confiscation of these documents was prompted by Coke's Second Institute, which included an extensive clause-by-clause analysis of Magna Carta. As stated in the Proeme, this book eulogised the Great Charter,
explaining that, 'It is called Magna Charta, not that it is great in quantity "¦ but in respect of the great importance and weightinesse of the matter'. King Charles I's efforts to suppress the work proved short-lived. Recognising its potential for propaganda, Parliament ordered in 1640 that Coke's papers be recovered and published. Coke's Second Institute was finally printed in 1642 on the eve of the English Civil Wars — Written in the late 1620s, Sir Edward Coke's Institutes was a pioneering four-volume treatise on English common law. While the first volume was published in 1628, the final three volumes appeared only posthumously, because the manuscripts in question had been confiscated on the orders of Charles I. The confiscation of these documents was prompted by Coke's Second Institute, which included an extensive clause-by-clause analysis of Magna Carta. As stated in the Proeme, this book eulogised the Great Charter, explaining that, 'It is called Magna Charta, not that it is great in quantity "¦ but in respect of the great importance and weightinesse of the matter'. King Charles I's efforts to suppress the work proved short-lived. Recognising its potential for propaganda, Parliament ordered in 1640 that Coke's papers be recovered and published. Coke's Second Institute was finally printed in 1642 on the eve of the English Civil Wars

Written in the late 1620s, Sir Edward Coke's Institutes was a pioneering four-volume treatise on English common law. While the first volume was published in 1628, the final three volumes appeared only posthumously, because the manuscripts in question had been confiscated on the orders of Charles I. The confiscation of these documents was prompted by Coke's Second Institute, which included an extensive clause-by-clause analysis of Magna Carta. As stated in the Proeme, this book eulogised the Great Charter, explaining that, 'It is called Magna Charta, not that it is great in quantity "¦ but in respect of the great importance and weightinesse of the matter'. King Charles I's efforts to suppress the work proved short-lived. Recognising its potential for propaganda, Parliament ordered in 1640 that Coke's papers be recovered and published. Coke's Second Institute was finally printed in 1642 on the eve of the English Civil Wars

BL3261253

'The Life and Death of King John'

'The Life and Death of King John'

BL3300157

A drawing of a regimental banner belonging to Captain Hooker

A drawing of a regimental banner belonging to Captain Hooker

BL3296258

Magna Carta and women'.
In 1915, to coincide with Magna Carta's 700th
anniversary, the suffragette campaigner, Helena Normanton (d. 1957), published this essay on 'Magna Carta and Women'. Appearing in the periodical The Englishwoman, Normanton's essay argued that the disenfranchisement of women contravened Magna Carta's famous clauses 39 and 40. For Normanton, 'it is expressly contrary to Magna Carta to refuse, deny, or delay, right or justice. The right of the franchise is still unconstitutionally withheld from women, but the spirit of Magna Carta sounds a trumpet-call to them to struggle ever more valiantly to realise its noble ideal'. Helena Normanton went on to become the first female barrister to practise in England, and she was also founder of the Magna Carta Society. — Magna Carta and women'. In 1915, to coincide with Magna Carta's 700th anniversary, the suffragette campaigner, Helena Normanton (d. 1957), published this essay on 'Magna Carta and Women'. Appearing in the periodical The Englishwoman, Normanton's essay argued that the disenfranchisement of women contravened Magna Carta's famous clauses 39 and 40. For Normanton, 'it is expressly contrary to Magna Carta to refuse, deny, or delay, right or justice. The right of the franchise is still unconstitutionally withheld from women, but the spirit of Magna Carta sounds a trumpet-call to them to struggle ever more valiantly to realise its noble ideal'. Helena Normanton went on to become the first female barrister to practise in England, and she was also founder of the Magna Carta Society.

Magna Carta and women'. In 1915, to coincide with Magna Carta's 700th anniversary, the suffragette campaigner, Helena Normanton (d. 1957), published this essay on 'Magna Carta and Women'. Appearing in the periodical The Englishwoman, Normanton's essay argued that the disenfranchisement of women contravened Magna Carta's famous clauses 39 and 40. For Normanton, 'it is expressly contrary to Magna Carta to refuse, deny, or delay, right or justice. The right of the franchise is still unconstitutionally withheld from women, but the spirit of Magna Carta sounds a trumpet-call to them to struggle ever more valiantly to realise its noble ideal'. Helena Normanton went on to become the first female barrister to practise in England, and she was also founder of the Magna Carta Society.

BL3261249

The seal of Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury (1207-28). Langton was instrumental in securing peace between King John and the barons in 1215, and it may have been at his instigation that the Great Charter's first clause, confirming the liberties of the English Church, was inserted. Recent research has also suggested that the damaged 1215 Magna Carta (British Library Cotton Charter XIII 31A) was preserved at Canterbury Cathedral, perhaps having once belonged to Langton himself. The charter to which this seal is attached contains Langton's confirmation of the privileges of the Cistercian Order in England, as conceded by Pope Honorius III (1216-27)

The seal of Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury (1207-28). Langton was instrumental in securing peace between King John and the barons in 1215, and it may have been at his instigation that the Great Charter's first clause, confirming the liberties of the English Church, was inserted. Recent research has also suggested that the damaged 1215 Magna Carta (British Library Cotton Charter XIII 31A) was preserved at Canterbury Cathedral, perhaps having once belonged to Langton himself. The charter to which this seal is attached contains Langton's confirmation of the privileges of the Cistercian Order in England, as conceded by Pope Honorius III (1216-27)

BL3294093

A view of Rochester Castle

A view of Rochester Castle

BL3287996

The monument of King John in the cathedral church of Worcester

The monument of King John in the cathedral church of Worcester

BL3316751

[Reverse] Impression of the Great Seal of King John, showing the king on horseback. Originally attached to the Articles of the Barons [Magna Carta], June 1215.

[Reverse] Impression of the Great Seal of King John, showing the king on horseback. Originally attached to the Articles of the Barons [Magna Carta], June 1215.

BL3264371

A Scheme for a New East India Company.
The East India Company was founded in 1600 for the purpose of trading in South-East Asia, but its monopoly in that region soon raised concerns in England about the company's influence. This anonymous treatise invoked
clause 41 of the Great Charter "” protecting the free movement of merchants "” to challenge the East India Company's monopoly as 'absolutely
against the right of the freeborn subject of England, no mean Infringement of Magna Charta'. To ensure that this clause was respected and that trading remained open to all English subjects, the author advocated the creation
of a new company which would give wider opportunities to investors. Although a rival company was established in 1698, by 1709 it had
merged with the existing East India Company, which maintained its monopoly well into the nineteenth century. — A Scheme for a New East India Company. The East India Company was founded in 1600 for the purpose of trading in South-East Asia, but its monopoly in that region soon raised concerns in England about the company's influence. This anonymous treatise invoked clause 41 of the Great Charter "” protecting the free movement of merchants "” to challenge the East India Company's monopoly as 'absolutely against the right of the freeborn subject of England, no mean Infringement of Magna Charta'. To ensure that this clause was respected and that trading remained open to all English subjects, the author advocated the creation of a new company which would give wider opportunities to investors. Although a rival company was established in 1698, by 1709 it had merged with the existing East India Company, which maintained its monopoly well into the nineteenth century.

A Scheme for a New East India Company. The East India Company was founded in 1600 for the purpose of trading in South-East Asia, but its monopoly in that region soon raised concerns in England about the company's influence. This anonymous treatise invoked clause 41 of the Great Charter "” protecting the free movement of merchants "” to challenge the East India Company's monopoly as 'absolutely against the right of the freeborn subject of England, no mean Infringement of Magna Charta'. To ensure that this clause was respected and that trading remained open to all English subjects, the author advocated the creation of a new company which would give wider opportunities to investors. Although a rival company was established in 1698, by 1709 it had merged with the existing East India Company, which maintained its monopoly well into the nineteenth century.

BL3261233

Magna Carta is frequently mentioned in children's history books where traditionally it has been taught as one of the foundations of
British liberty. Such books include Our Island Story, first published in 1905, in which 'the Story of the Great Charter' is presented as an important chapter in the nation's democratic development. Combining history with vivid story-telling, Our Island Story portrays King John as a maniac who 'gnashed his teeth, growling and snarling like a wild animal mad with rage
"¦ These things seem to us now quite natural and right, so you can imagine what evil times these were when the King was unwilling to
grant such liberty to his people'. Our Island Story was nominated by Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron in 2010 as his favourite childhood book, saying that it 'nurtured my interest in the history of our great nation'. — Magna Carta is frequently mentioned in children's history books where traditionally it has been taught as one of the foundations of British liberty. Such books include Our Island Story, first published in 1905, in which 'the Story of the Great Charter' is presented as an important chapter in the nation's democratic development. Combining history with vivid story-telling, Our Island Story portrays King John as a maniac who 'gnashed his teeth, growling and snarling like a wild animal mad with rage "¦ These things seem to us now quite natural and right, so you can imagine what evil times these were when the King was unwilling to grant such liberty to his people'. Our Island Story was nominated by Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron in 2010 as his favourite childhood book, saying that it 'nurtured my interest in the history of our great nation'.

Magna Carta is frequently mentioned in children's history books where traditionally it has been taught as one of the foundations of British liberty. Such books include Our Island Story, first published in 1905, in which 'the Story of the Great Charter' is presented as an important chapter in the nation's democratic development. Combining history with vivid story-telling, Our Island Story portrays King John as a maniac who 'gnashed his teeth, growling and snarling like a wild animal mad with rage "¦ These things seem to us now quite natural and right, so you can imagine what evil times these were when the King was unwilling to grant such liberty to his people'. Our Island Story was nominated by Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron in 2010 as his favourite childhood book, saying that it 'nurtured my interest in the history of our great nation'.

BL3261248

King John is offered a poisoned chalice by a monk.

King John is offered a poisoned chalice by a monk.

BL3296847

In 1797 the tomb of King John at Worcester Cathedral was opened at the prompting of the engraver Valentine Green (d. 1813). Green had written a history of the city of Worcester, and had come to doubt previous descriptions of the tomb and its contents, among which was a longstanding
contention that John had been buried elsewhere within the church. The effigy was removed first, followed by the slab on which it rested; inside the tomb chest, a stone coffin was discovered, containing the royal remains. The
Dean and Chapter of Worcester Cathedral were immediately summoned, and inspection made of the King's body. Green describes how thousands thronged to see King John before the tomb was restored the next day and the coffin closed to sight. Opposite the title page of Green's account
is this engraving, inscribed, 'The body of King John, as it appeared on opening his tomb in Worcester Cathedral, Monday July 17 1797' — In 1797 the tomb of King John at Worcester Cathedral was opened at the prompting of the engraver Valentine Green (d. 1813). Green had written a history of the city of Worcester, and had come to doubt previous descriptions of the tomb and its contents, among which was a longstanding contention that John had been buried elsewhere within the church. The effigy was removed first, followed by the slab on which it rested; inside the tomb chest, a stone coffin was discovered, containing the royal remains. The Dean and Chapter of Worcester Cathedral were immediately summoned, and inspection made of the King's body. Green describes how thousands thronged to see King John before the tomb was restored the next day and the coffin closed to sight. Opposite the title page of Green's account is this engraving, inscribed, 'The body of King John, as it appeared on opening his tomb in Worcester Cathedral, Monday July 17 1797'

In 1797 the tomb of King John at Worcester Cathedral was opened at the prompting of the engraver Valentine Green (d. 1813). Green had written a history of the city of Worcester, and had come to doubt previous descriptions of the tomb and its contents, among which was a longstanding contention that John had been buried elsewhere within the church. The effigy was removed first, followed by the slab on which it rested; inside the tomb chest, a stone coffin was discovered, containing the royal remains. The Dean and Chapter of Worcester Cathedral were immediately summoned, and inspection made of the King's body. Green describes how thousands thronged to see King John before the tomb was restored the next day and the coffin closed to sight. Opposite the title page of Green's account is this engraving, inscribed, 'The body of King John, as it appeared on opening his tomb in Worcester Cathedral, Monday July 17 1797'

BL3261268

Endorsement

Endorsement

BL3278896

Magna Carta is frequently mentioned in children's history books where traditionally it has been taught as one of the foundations of
British liberty. Such books include Our Island Story, first published in 1905, in which 'the Story of the Great Charter' is presented as an important chapter in the nation's democratic development. Combining history with vivid story-telling, Our Island Story portrays King John as a maniac who 'gnashed his teeth, growling and snarling like a wild animal mad with rage
"¦ These things seem to us now quite natural and right, so you can imagine what evil times these were when the King was unwilling to
grant such liberty to his people'. Our Island Story was nominated by Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron in 2010 as his favourite childhood book, saying that it 'nurtured my interest in the history of our great nation'. — Magna Carta is frequently mentioned in children's history books where traditionally it has been taught as one of the foundations of British liberty. Such books include Our Island Story, first published in 1905, in which 'the Story of the Great Charter' is presented as an important chapter in the nation's democratic development. Combining history with vivid story-telling, Our Island Story portrays King John as a maniac who 'gnashed his teeth, growling and snarling like a wild animal mad with rage "¦ These things seem to us now quite natural and right, so you can imagine what evil times these were when the King was unwilling to grant such liberty to his people'. Our Island Story was nominated by Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron in 2010 as his favourite childhood book, saying that it 'nurtured my interest in the history of our great nation'.

Magna Carta is frequently mentioned in children's history books where traditionally it has been taught as one of the foundations of British liberty. Such books include Our Island Story, first published in 1905, in which 'the Story of the Great Charter' is presented as an important chapter in the nation's democratic development. Combining history with vivid story-telling, Our Island Story portrays King John as a maniac who 'gnashed his teeth, growling and snarling like a wild animal mad with rage "¦ These things seem to us now quite natural and right, so you can imagine what evil times these were when the King was unwilling to grant such liberty to his people'. Our Island Story was nominated by Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron in 2010 as his favourite childhood book, saying that it 'nurtured my interest in the history of our great nation'.

BL3261257

King John hunting a stag with hounds

King John hunting a stag with hounds

BL3265667

John sealing the Magna Carta, 1215 (oil on canvas)

John sealing the Magna Carta, 1215 (oil on canvas)

Wood, Frank (fl.1925)

SUN429428

Harley Charter 43 A 60B Transactions with Jewish moneylenders, 13th century

Harley Charter 43 A 60B Transactions with Jewish moneylenders, 13th century

English School, (13th century)

BL3296429

These thirteenth century charters record transactions with Jewish
moneylenders. The majority are written solely in Hebrew but this one, in which Isaac of Southwark renounces his claim to a debt, contains additional words in Latin — These thirteenth century charters record transactions with Jewish moneylenders. The majority are written solely in Hebrew but this one, in which Isaac of Southwark renounces his claim to a debt, contains additional words in Latin

These thirteenth century charters record transactions with Jewish moneylenders. The majority are written solely in Hebrew but this one, in which Isaac of Southwark renounces his claim to a debt, contains additional words in Latin

BL3296436

After Archbishop Hubert Walter's death in 1205 and the rejection of other nominees to the see of Canterbury, the monks of Christ Church elected
Stephen Langton (d. 1228) as Walter's successor. King John's refusal to accept Langton's election led to the kingdom of England being placed under a papal Interdict in 1208, prohibiting the people from receiving the sacraments or being buried in consecrated ground. Few contemporary accounts have survived from that time, an exception being the Chronicon Anglicanum, written by Ralph (fl. 1207-26), Abbot of Coggeshall Abbey in Essex. There is an abrupt change in Ralph's chronicle for the years 1206
to 1212, roughly coinciding with the Interdict; previously, Ralph had made extensive notes about the events of each year, but for this period he provided a summary instead. The autograph manuscript of the Chronicon Anglicanum reveals that the original account had been removed and
a replacement inserted. It is possible that Ralph of Coggeshall purged the first version in an act of self-censorship, perhaps to avoid offending
King John — After Archbishop Hubert Walter's death in 1205 and the rejection of other nominees to the see of Canterbury, the monks of Christ Church elected Stephen Langton (d. 1228) as Walter's successor. King John's refusal to accept Langton's election led to the kingdom of England being placed under a papal Interdict in 1208, prohibiting the people from receiving the sacraments or being buried in consecrated ground. Few contemporary accounts have survived from that time, an exception being the Chronicon Anglicanum, written by Ralph (fl. 1207-26), Abbot of Coggeshall Abbey in Essex. There is an abrupt change in Ralph's chronicle for the years 1206 to 1212, roughly coinciding with the Interdict; previously, Ralph had made extensive notes about the events of each year, but for this period he provided a summary instead. The autograph manuscript of the Chronicon Anglicanum reveals that the original account had been removed and a replacement inserted. It is possible that Ralph of Coggeshall purged the

After Archbishop Hubert Walter's death in 1205 and the rejection of other nominees to the see of Canterbury, the monks of Christ Church elected Stephen Langton (d. 1228) as Walter's successor. King John's refusal to accept Langton's election led to the kingdom of England being placed under a papal Interdict in 1208, prohibiting the people from receiving the sacraments or being buried in consecrated ground. Few contemporary accounts have survived from that time, an exception being the Chronicon Anglicanum, written by Ralph (fl. 1207-26), Abbot of Coggeshall Abbey in Essex. There is an abrupt change in Ralph's chronicle for the years 1206 to 1212, roughly coinciding with the Interdict; previously, Ralph had made extensive notes about the events of each year, but for this period he provided a summary instead. The autograph manuscript of the Chronicon Anglicanum reveals that the original account had been removed and a replacement inserted. It is possible that Ralph of Coggeshall purged the

BL3296263

The verse chronicle of Master Wace

The verse chronicle of Master Wace

BL3299779

King John's body was taken to Worcester Cathedral for burial, in accordance with his wishes. This later medieval image shows the funeral procession, with two men bearing the coffin on their shoulders to the city's gate. The coffin is draped with an orange-red cloth, and the cathedral, towards which the pall-bearers are making their way, is the building with the brown roof standing before the tower. The anonymous author of the accompanying poem, written in Anglo-Norman French, described the occasion in garbled form, mistaking the place where John was buried: 'a Wincestre esteit porte/ a grant honur ensepelee' (he was borne to Winchester, and was buried with great honour). The poem itself makes no direct reference to Magna Carta, stating simply 'En temps le roi ont grant guere / Par entre les barons d'Engleterre' (In the time of this king there was a great war
with the barons of England). — King John's body was taken to Worcester Cathedral for burial, in accordance with his wishes. This later medieval image shows the funeral procession, with two men bearing the coffin on their shoulders to the city's gate. The coffin is draped with an orange-red cloth, and the cathedral, towards which the pall-bearers are making their way, is the building with the brown roof standing before the tower. The anonymous author of the accompanying poem, written in Anglo-Norman French, described the occasion in garbled form, mistaking the place where John was buried: 'a Wincestre esteit porte/ a grant honur ensepelee' (he was borne to Winchester, and was buried with great honour). The poem itself makes no direct reference to Magna Carta, stating simply 'En temps le roi ont grant guere / Par entre les barons d'Engleterre' (In the time of this king there was a great war with the barons of England).

King John's body was taken to Worcester Cathedral for burial, in accordance with his wishes. This later medieval image shows the funeral procession, with two men bearing the coffin on their shoulders to the city's gate. The coffin is draped with an orange-red cloth, and the cathedral, towards which the pall-bearers are making their way, is the building with the brown roof standing before the tower. The anonymous author of the accompanying poem, written in Anglo-Norman French, described the occasion in garbled form, mistaking the place where John was buried: 'a Wincestre esteit porte/ a grant honur ensepelee' (he was borne to Winchester, and was buried with great honour). The poem itself makes no direct reference to Magna Carta, stating simply 'En temps le roi ont grant guere / Par entre les barons d'Engleterre' (In the time of this king there was a great war with the barons of England).

BL3299784

Add. 62534, ff.5v-6 Statutes of the Realm, Early 14th century

Add. 62534, ff.5v-6 Statutes of the Realm, Early 14th century

BL3296261

Bull of Pope Innocent III, dated 1214, accepting the final grant from King John, the kingdom of England and Ireland to the Roman Catholic church.

Bull of Pope Innocent III, dated 1214, accepting the final grant from King John, the kingdom of England and Ireland to the Roman Catholic church.

BL3296280

The seal of Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury (1207-28), is notable for containing on its reverse a depiction of the martyrdom of Thomas Becket. By featuring an impression of Becket's martyrdom on his seal, Langton emphasised his connection with his murdered predecessor, and the desire, as expressed in Magna Carta, that the Church remain free from royal interference

The seal of Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury (1207-28), is notable for containing on its reverse a depiction of the martyrdom of Thomas Becket. By featuring an impression of Becket's martyrdom on his seal, Langton emphasised his connection with his murdered predecessor, and the desire, as expressed in Magna Carta, that the Church remain free from royal interference

BL3294098

A translation of Magna Carta into French opens this collection of Anglo American tracts, which was published in Paris at the time of the French Revolution. The anonymous author of the volume evidently considered that Magna Carta stood at the head of this historical tradition, since it precedes translations of the American Declaration of Independence (1776), the Constitution of the United States of America (1789) and other colonial texts. In the preface Magna Carta is described as 'la base de la liberté du peuple Anglois' (the foundation of the freedoms of the English people). The translation is faithful to the original Latin text, although one peculiar feature is that the clauses are misnumbered. The author also took exception to the notion that liberties were bestowed by the king: 'Despotes de la terre, vous reconnoÃ®trez bientÃ´t que les peuples ne tiennent rien de vous' (Despots of the world, you will soon acknowledge that the people hold nothing
from you) — A translation of Magna Carta into French opens this collection of Anglo American tracts, which was published in Paris at the time of the French Revolution. The anonymous author of the volume evidently considered that Magna Carta stood at the head of this historical tradition, since it precedes translations of the American Declaration of Independence (1776), the Constitution of the United States of America (1789) and other colonial texts. In the preface Magna Carta is described as 'la base de la liberté du peuple Anglois' (the foundation of the freedoms of the English people). The translation is faithful to the original Latin text, although one peculiar feature is that the clauses are misnumbered. The author also took exception to the notion that liberties were bestowed by the king: 'Despotes de la terre, vous reconnoÃ®trez bientÃ´t que les peuples ne tiennent rien de vous' (Despots of the world, you will soon acknowledge that the people hold nothing from you)

A translation of Magna Carta into French opens this collection of Anglo American tracts, which was published in Paris at the time of the French Revolution. The anonymous author of the volume evidently considered that Magna Carta stood at the head of this historical tradition, since it precedes translations of the American Declaration of Independence (1776), the Constitution of the United States of America (1789) and other colonial texts. In the preface Magna Carta is described as 'la base de la liberté du peuple Anglois' (the foundation of the freedoms of the English people). The translation is faithful to the original Latin text, although one peculiar feature is that the clauses are misnumbered. The author also took exception to the notion that liberties were bestowed by the king: 'Despotes de la terre, vous reconnoÃ®trez bientÃ´t que les peuples ne tiennent rien de vous' (Despots of the world, you will soon acknowledge that the people hold nothing from you)

BL3261940

A translation of Magna Carta into French opens this collection of Anglo-American tracts, which was published in Paris at the time of the French Revolution. The anonymous author of the volume evidently considered that Magna Carta stood at the head of this historical tradition, since it precedes translations of the American Declaration of Independence (1776), the Constitution of the United States of America (1789) and other colonial texts. In the preface Magna Carta is described as 'la base de la liberté du peuple Anglois' (the foundation of the freedoms of the English people). The translation is faithful to the original Latin text, although one peculiar feature is that the clauses are misnumbered. The author also took exception to the notion that liberties were bestowed by the king: 'Despotes de la terre, vous reconnoÃ®trez bientÃ´t que les peuples ne tiennent rien de vous' (Despots of the world, you will soon acknowledge that the people hold nothing
from you) — A translation of Magna Carta into French opens this collection of Anglo-American tracts, which was published in Paris at the time of the French Revolution. The anonymous author of the volume evidently considered that Magna Carta stood at the head of this historical tradition, since it precedes translations of the American Declaration of Independence (1776), the Constitution of the United States of America (1789) and other colonial texts. In the preface Magna Carta is described as 'la base de la liberté du peuple Anglois' (the foundation of the freedoms of the English people). The translation is faithful to the original Latin text, although one peculiar feature is that the clauses are misnumbered. The author also took exception to the notion that liberties were bestowed by the king: 'Despotes de la terre, vous reconnoÃ®trez bientÃ´t que les peuples ne tiennent rien de vous' (Despots of the world, you will soon acknowledge that the people hold nothing from you)

A translation of Magna Carta into French opens this collection of Anglo-American tracts, which was published in Paris at the time of the French Revolution. The anonymous author of the volume evidently considered that Magna Carta stood at the head of this historical tradition, since it precedes translations of the American Declaration of Independence (1776), the Constitution of the United States of America (1789) and other colonial texts. In the preface Magna Carta is described as 'la base de la liberté du peuple Anglois' (the foundation of the freedoms of the English people). The translation is faithful to the original Latin text, although one peculiar feature is that the clauses are misnumbered. The author also took exception to the notion that liberties were bestowed by the king: 'Despotes de la terre, vous reconnoÃ®trez bientÃ´t que les peuples ne tiennent rien de vous' (Despots of the world, you will soon acknowledge that the people hold nothing from you)

BL3261941

Gerald of Wales: Expugnatio Hibernica: Quoniam de insule Hybernice situ'; the dedication to Richard, Count of Poitou, incipit

Gerald of Wales: Expugnatio Hibernica: Quoniam de insule Hybernice situ'; the dedication to Richard, Count of Poitou, incipit

BL3313249

'Declaration of Rights, without which no Englishman can be a free man, nor the English nation a free people'

'Declaration of Rights, without which no Englishman can be a free man, nor the English nation a free people'

BL3280059

A map of the province of Pennsylvania, containing the three counties of Chester, Philadelphia, and Bucks.

A map of the province of Pennsylvania, containing the three counties of Chester, Philadelphia, and Bucks.

BL3297409

King John of England does homage to King Philip II of France.

King John of England does homage to King Philip II of France.

BL3313367

King John of England does homage to King Philip II of France, f.362v from Chroniques de France ou de Saint Denis, second quarter of 14th century (vellum)

King John of England does homage to King Philip II of France, f.362v from Chroniques de France ou de Saint Denis, second quarter of 14th century (vellum)

French School, (14th century)

BL6323901

Historiated initial 'E'(dwardus) with King Edward I on his throne at the beginning of the Magna Carta

Historiated initial 'E'(dwardus) with King Edward I on his throne at the beginning of the Magna Carta

BL3290906

The British Valhalla -- Magna Carta

The British Valhalla -- Magna Carta

EPL7002484

Text with coloured initials

Text with coloured initials

BL3313248

An Anonymous Account of King John. John has frequently been characterised as a bad king, even in the Middle Ages. This poem on the kings of England, traditionally attributed to John Lydgate (d. c. 1449/50), describes John's reign in negative terms. The poet also reports the story that John had been poisoned by a monk of Swineshead Abbey, and that nobody lamented his demise. This
image, painted in the fifteenth century, shows John wearing a fine cloak of regal purple, red, white and blue, with pointed blue shoes; he stands above five crowns denoting his surviving children — An Anonymous Account of King John. John has frequently been characterised as a bad king, even in the Middle Ages. This poem on the kings of England, traditionally attributed to John Lydgate (d. c. 1449/50), describes John's reign in negative terms. The poet also reports the story that John had been poisoned by a monk of Swineshead Abbey, and that nobody lamented his demise. This image, painted in the fifteenth century, shows John wearing a fine cloak of regal purple, red, white and blue, with pointed blue shoes; he stands above five crowns denoting his surviving children

An Anonymous Account of King John. John has frequently been characterised as a bad king, even in the Middle Ages. This poem on the kings of England, traditionally attributed to John Lydgate (d. c. 1449/50), describes John's reign in negative terms. The poet also reports the story that John had been poisoned by a monk of Swineshead Abbey, and that nobody lamented his demise. This image, painted in the fifteenth century, shows John wearing a fine cloak of regal purple, red, white and blue, with pointed blue shoes; he stands above five crowns denoting his surviving children

BL3294695

Siege of Loches

Siege of Loches

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